NASCENT: A Non-Invasive Solution for Detecting Utilization of Servers in Bare-Metal Cloud

Physical servers are available as-a-service in bare-metal public and private cloud platforms, and their demand has been proliferating because of the high levels of privacy and security guarantees they provide to the tenants. This raises the need for efficient management of bare-metal clouds to keep operational costs low such as by reducing energy consumption. For efficiently managing the cloud infrastructure, bare-metal cloud operators need to monitor the utilization of servers. However, the privacy and security concerns prohibit the installation of third-party monitoring agents on the servers; thus, finding the server-utilization becomes a challenge. In this work, we present NASCENT, a scalable machine-learning (ML) based non-invasive solution for finding the utilization of servers without compromising the privacy and security of bare-metal cloud tenants. Our key idea is to infer utilization from various sensor readings accessible via a server’s baseboard management controller (BMC) hardware. We evaluate the proposed solution with three regression based supervised ML algorithms in a Bare-metal-as-a-service (BMaaS) cloud. Our experimental evaluation shows that one of the ML algorithms employed in NASCENT infers the utilization with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) between 2.9 to 9.3 for different workloads. Also, the proposed solution uses minimal memory resources (19 KB) and can even run on BMC hardware which has very limited memory. We also propose a BMaaS cloud architecture that seamlessly integrates automated training and deployment of the ML algorithm in our solution into the life-cycle of bare-metal servers. NASCENT’s codebase can be found at